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Allegorithmic substance painter 2 1 1 1251 download free. This chapter introduces the Web services security concepts. It is divided into the following sections:
For an introduction to general Web service concepts, see 'What are Web Services' in Introducing Web Services.
Securing Web Services
So I thought I could just set client.ClientCredentials to a new instance of NetworkCredentials. However ClientCredentials is read only. So how can I go about passing this information on to access the web service? MyService.ServiceClient client = new myService.ServiceClient; // This won't work since its. Ya, well calling a web service located on another web server can be a little bit trickier. I can suggest two approaches. The first one – where the client calls Web Service on local server and the local server calls Web Service on a remote server. And I believe it is not a big issue to get remote Web service invoked from ASP.Net application. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a method for encoding and transporting information between a client (such as a web browser) and a web server. HTTP is the primary protocol for transmission of information across the Internet. Information is exchanged between clients and servers in the form of Hypertext documents, from which HTTP gets its name. RESTful web service clients come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Here are the five that every Java developer should know. Curl is a Unix-based utility that enables developers to invoke URLs from a command line to generate information about the results.
Because of its nature (loosely coupled connections) and its use of open access (mainly HTTP), SOA implemented by Web services adds a new set of requirements to the security landscape. Web services security includes several aspects:
- Authentication—Verifying that the user is who she claims to be. A user's identity is verified based on the credentials presented by that user, such as:
- Something one has, for example, credentials issued by a trusted authority such as a passport (real world) or a smart card (IT world).
- Something one knows, for example, a shared secret such as a password.
- Something one is, for example, biometric information.
Using a combination of several types of credentials is referred to as 'strong' authentication, for example using an ATM card (something one has) with a PIN or password (something one knows). - Authorization (or Access Control)—Granting access to specific resources based on an authenticated user's entitlements. Entitlements are defined by one or several attributes. An attribute is the property or characteristic of a user, for example, if 'Marc' is the user, 'conference speaker' is the attribute.
- Confidentiality, privacy—Keeping information secret. Accesses a message, for example a Web service request or an email, as well as the identity of the sending and receiving parties in a confidential manner. Confidentiality and privacy can be achieved by encrypting the content of a message and obfuscating the sending and receiving parties' identities.
- Integrity, non repudiation—Making sure that a message remains unaltered during transit by having the sender digitally sign the message. A digital signature is used to validate the signature and provides non-repudiation. The timestamp in the signature prevents anyone from replaying this message after the expiration.
Web services security requirements also involve credential mediation (exchanging security tokens in a trusted environment), and service capabilities and constraints (defining what a Web service can do, under what circumstances).
In many cases, Web services security tools such as Oracle WSM rely on Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) environments. A PKI uses cryptographic keys (mathematical functions used to encrypt or decrypt data). Keys can be private or public. In an asymmetric cipher model, the receiving party's public key is used to encrypt plaintext, and the receiving party's matching private key is used to decrypt the ciphertext. Also, a private key is used to create a digital signature by signing the message, and the public key is used for verifying the signature. Public-key certificates (or certificates, for short) are used to guarantee the integrity of public keys.
Web services security requirements are supported by industry standards both at the transport level (Secure Socket Layer) and at the application level relying on XML frameworks.
For more information about the specifications, standards, and security tokens supported by Web services, see Appendix A, 'Web Service Security Standards.'
Note:
Oracle has been instrumental in contributing to emerging standards, in particular the specifications hosted by the OASIS Web Services Secure Exchange technical committee.Transport-level Security
Secure Socket Layer (SSL), otherwise known as Transport Layer Security (TLS), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) officially standardized version of SSL, is the most widely used transport-level the data is not protected. This makes the environment vulnerable to attacks in multi-step transactions. (SSL provides point-to-point security, as opposed to end-to-end security.)
Application-level Security
Application-level security complements transport-level security. Application-level security is based on XML frameworks defining confidentiality, integrity, authenticity; message structure; trust management and federation.
Data confidentiality is implemented by XML Encryption. XML Encryption defines how digital content is encrypted and decrypted, how the encryption key information is passed to a recipient, and how encrypted data is identified to facilitate decryption.
Data integrity and authenticity are implemented by XML Signature. XML Signature binds the sender's identity (or 'signing entity') to an XML document. Signing and signature verification can be done using asymmetric or symmetric keys.
Signature ensures non-repudiation of the signing entity and proves that messages have not been altered since they were signed. Message structure and message security are implemented by SOAP and its security extension, WS-Security. WS-Security defines how to attach XML Signature and XML Encryption headers to SOAP messages. In addition, WS-Security provides profiles for 5 security tokens: Username (with password digest), X.509 certificate, Kerberos ticket, Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) assertion, and REL (rights markup) document.
The SOAP envelope body includes the business payload, for example a purchase order, a financial document, or simply a call to another Web service. SAML is one of the most interesting security tokens because it supports both authentication and authorization. SAML is an open framework for sharing security information on the Internet through XML documents. SAML includes 3 parts:
- SAML Assertion—How you define authentication and authorization information.
- SAML Protocol—How you ask (SAML Request) and get (SAML Response) the assertions you need.
- SAML Bindings and Profiles—How SAML assertions ride 'on' (Bindings) and 'in' (Profiles) industry-standard transport and messaging frameworks.
The full SAML specification is used in browser-based federation cases. However, web services security systems such as Oracle WSM only use SAML assertions. The protocol and bindings are taken care of by WS-Security and the transport protocol, for example HTTP.
SAML assertions and references to assertion identifiers are contained in the WS-Security Header element, which in turn is included in the SOAP Envelope Header element (described in the WS-Security SAML Token Profile). The SAML security token is particularly relevant in situations where identity propagation is essential.
Web Service Security Requirements
The following summarize the Web service security requirements:
- The use of transport security to protect the communication channel between the Web service consumer and Web service provider.
- Message-level security to ensure confidentiality by digitally encrypting message parts; integrity using digital signatures; and authentication by requiring username, X.509, or SAML tokens.
Oracle Web Services Manager (WSM) is designed to define and implement Web services security in heterogeneous environments, including authentication, authorization, message encryption and decryption, signature generation and validation, and identity propagation across multiple Web services used to complete a single transaction.
Hat Tip 1 3 – Http Web Services Client Asks To Be
How Oracle Fusion Middleware Secures Web Services and Clients
Figure 2-1 shows an Oracle Fusion Middleware application that demonstrates some common interactions between Web services and their clients. How security is managed at each step in the process is explained following the figure.
The Oracle WSM Policy Manager (labeled as OWSM in Figure 2-1) is the security linchpin for Oracle Fusion Middleware Web services and SOA applications. For more information about how the Oracle WSM Policy Manager manages the policy framework, see Chapter 3, 'Understanding Oracle WSM Policy Framework.'
Figure 2-1 Example of Oracle Fusion Middleware Application
Description of 'Figure 2-1 Example of Oracle Fusion Middleware Application'
As shown in the previous figure, there are two types of policies that can be attached to Web services: Oracle WSM policies and WebLogic Server polices. For more information, see Table 1-1, 'Types of Web Service Policies'.
The following describes in more detail the Web service and client interactions called out in the previous figure, and how security is managed at each step in the process. As noted in the figure, security is managed using both Oracle WSM policies and WebLogic Web service policies.
- At design time, you attach Oracle WSM and WebLogic Web service policies to applications programmatically using your favorite IDE, such as Oracle JDeveloper.Jixipix dramatic black & white 2 6 5 0. Alternatively, at deployment time you attach policies to SOA composites, ADF, and WebCenter applications using the Oracle Enterprise Manager Fusion Middleware Control, and to WebLogic Web services (Java EE) using the WebLogic Server Administration Console (not shown in the figure).Note: Policies that are attached to WebLogic Web services at design time cannot be detached at deployment time. You can only attach new policies.
- A user logs in to the ADF Web application.The user may be internal or external to Company A.
- Using a Web service data control, the ADF Web application accesses a service, such as a WebLogic Web service, a SOA composite application, or an ADF Business Component.At the Web service client side, Oracle WSM intercepts the SOAP message request to the service, injects the relevant tokens, and signs and encrypts the message, as required by the attached policies.At the Web service side, Oracle WSM intercepts the SOAP message request to the service, extracts the tokens, and verifies the client's credentials against an identity management infrastructure (for example, a file, an LDAP-compliant directory, or Oracle Access Manager), as required by the attached policies.
- Interactions with the SOA service components (shown in the figure) include:
- The SOA service component accesses an ADF Business Component to query or update tables in a database.
- A WebCenter client access the SOA service component to process a customer request.
- The SOA service component accesses the Web service internal to Company A to accomplish a specific task.
- The SOA service component accesses a Web service via an external provider (Company B) to accomplish a specific task. As long as you know the URL that identifies the WSDL document, you can access the Web service.
Again, at the Web service client side, Oracle WSM intercepts the SOAP message request to the service, injects the relevant tokens, and signs and encrypts the message, as required by the attached policies.At the Web service side, Oracle WSM intercepts the SOAP message request to the service, extracts the tokens, and verifies the client's credentials against an identity management infrastructure (for example, a file, an LDAP-compliant directory, or Oracle Access Manager), as required by the attached policies. - A client accesses a WebLogic Java EE Web service.In this case, components in a larger composite application interact with the WebLogic Web service. An Oracle WSM policy is used to secure the WebLogic JAX-WS Web service client. A WebLogic Web service policy is used to secure the WebLogic JAX-RPC service client.
In this tutorial, you will create 4 different Web Services: a POJO Annotation-Driven service, a Declaratively-Driven POJO service, a service for existing WSDL, and an EJB service. The focus of these scenarios is to demonstrate and test Java EE web services. In particular this means JAX-WS (Java API for XML Web Services) and annotation handling. JAX-WS enables you to enter annotations directly into the Java source without the need for a separate XML deployment descriptor.
At the end of the tutorial you create an ADF Client application that consumes the web services you created.
Purpose | Duration | Application |
---|---|---|
This tutorial shows you how to build and consume Web Services. The tutorial shows several end-to-end scenarios for creating web services. After you develop several web services, you create a client application that uses those services. To see the complete application you will create, click the Download button to download a zip of the starter application, and then unzip it in a workspace folder of your choice. | 4 hours |
Hat Tip 1 3 – Http Web Services Client Asks Email
Part 1: Building a POJO Annotation-Driven Service
In this first part of the tutorial, you install the required lab files, start JDeveloper, and open the startup application and project. - Download the lab starter files and save the WebService.zip file in a temporary folder (such as d:Temp.)
- Using WinZip of whatever zip utility you have, unzip the WebService.zip into a folder of you choice. In this tutorial, we used D:WebServicePractice.
- Start JDeveloper 12.1.2.
- If the Migrate User Settings dialog opens, click No.
- If prompted for a Role, choose Studio Developer.
- If the Tip of the Day window opens, click Close .
- You should now see the JDeveloper IDE. Close the Start page by hovering your mouse over the tab and clicking the X on the tab.
- Select the Applications window tab and click Open Application (alternatively, you can select File | Open)
- In the Open Application dialog box, locate the Web Service folder where you unzippied the WebService.zip file and select WebService.jws.
- Click Open
- If your are prompted to migrate the application, click Yes.
The Applications window should look like this:
Step 2: Adding a Plain Old Java Object (POJO) to contain a Web Service Method
In this section you start with a project that contains plain old Java classes and add an annotated method that you publish as a web service.
Web service annotation is a feature of Java EE 6 which takes complexity out of creating and deploying Web Services. Web service annotation allows you to define web services from within a POJO. This feature of Java EE eliminates the need for complex configuration of the web service and the web server. Java EE introspects the deployed classes a creates the web server configuration on-the-fly. This frees up the developer to concentrate more on the service rather than the tedious details of deployment.
- In the Applications window, expand the Annotation project nodes to show the POJO classes:
- Dept.java describes the department structure
- Emp.java describes the employee structure
- MyCompany.java populates information about departments and employees
- In the Applications window, double-click MyCompany.java to edit it.
- Add an @WebService annotation after the import statements.The IDE will prompt you to select the import for the WebService class. Select javax.jws.WebService from the popup. This annotation denotes that the class contains a method to be used by a web service.
- In the margin of the editor, click Quick Hint (light bulb icon) and select the Configure project for web services option.
- In the Select Deployment Platform dialog box, ensure that Java EE 6, with support for JAX-WS Annotations is selected.
- Click OK. This step adds the javax.jws.WebService import statement to the Java class if it is not already there and creates a web.xml file.
The Applications window should look like the following:
Notice that the icon for MyCompany.java class is changed to represent a WebService class, and the web.xml file has been added to your project. - Click Save All to save your work.
- In the Code Edtior, scroll to the bottom of the class and add the following code statements:public Dept getDeptInfo (int id) {
for (Dept a: this. getMyDepts() ) {
if (a.getId() id) {
return a;
}
}
return null;
}This loop returns information about all employees working in a specific department.
The code in the editor window should look like: - Create a second annotation before the getDeptInfo() method. The annotation signifies this is the method to be exposed from the web service. Add a blank line above the getDeptInfo() method, and start typing @WebMethod. Code insight pops up up a list of available syntaxes. Select WebMethod from the list.
- If suggested, press [Alt]+[Enter] to add the import javax.jws.WebMethod; statement (although this statement may be added automatically.)
The class should now look like the following: - Click Save All to save your work.
- You can use the Properties window to modify the characteristics of the class. In the menu bar, select Window | Properties and it will open as a tab in the bottom portion of the IDE. Note: If the Properties window opens in a different part of the IDE, you can drag its tab and drop it on the bottom panel if you would rather work with it there.
- To display the properties of the MyCompany class in the Properties window, select the Source tab at the bottom of the Structure window, then select the top level MyCompany class name.
- The Properties window displays a few expandable nodes. Expand the JAX-WS node and notice that the Service Name has the word 'Service' appended to the class name.
- Change the Service Name to MyCompanyWS. Notice that the class reflects the name change.
- Click Save All to save your work.
You have now created a POJO Web Service. In this next section, you will test you Web Service.
In this section you compile, deploy and test the web service using the HTTP Analyzer. JDeveloper includes a web service testing mechanism called the HTTP Analyzer. When you use the HTTP analyzer to test web services, JDeveloper compiles and deploys the service to the integrated web server. It then invokes the analyzer, allowing you to send and receive values from the web service.
- Before testing the web service, check that your web browser settings are correct. Choose Tools > Preferences and then scroll down the list on the left to select the Web Browser and Proxy page. On the Proxy Settings tab, ensure that the No Proxy is selected, then click OK.
- In the Applications window, right-click the MyCompany.java node and in the context menu, select Test Web Service.
This option invokes the integrated WebLogic Server, deploys the service, and then starts the analyzer. It may take a few seconds to start WebLogic Server if you are running it for the first time. If this is the first time you test a service, Windows may ask you about blocking content. Allow the content to be displayed. - The top portion of the HTTP Analyzer editor window displays the URL for the web service, the WSDL URL, and the exposed Operations. Select the MyCompanyPort.getDeptInfo(,) operation from the list.
The bottom portion of the analyzer is split into two areas: Request and Response. The request area shows all the arguments from the exposed method (in this case, only one argument.) When the web service is executed, the Response area shows the results. - In the Request area, enter a department number value (10, 20 or 30) in the arg0 field.
- In the toolbar area of the analyzer, click Send Request, or click the Send Request button below the argument.
- The analyzer sends the request to the service, returning after a few seconds the information about employees working in the specified department.
- Click the HTTP Content tab at the bottom of the editor to look at the xml code.
- Click the Raw Message tab at the bottom of the editor for another presentation of the code.
- Click the SOAP Structure tab at the bottom of the editor, and then in the top part of the HTTP Analyzer, click the WSDL URL link.
- This opens the visual editor for the web service. In the Port Types panel, expand the getDeptInfo | output | getDeptInfo nodes.
- To the left of the Port Types panel, click the small Plus sign at the top of Messages to show message contents.
A new graphical representation shows the flow for any message you select. - Right-click any tab in the editor window and select the Close All option.
- Collapse the Annotation project node in the Applications window.
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